Characterization of the biosorption of fast black azo dye K salt by the bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris 51ATA strain

BACKGROUND: Removal of dyes from wastewater by microorganisms through adsorption, degradation, or accumulation has been investigated. Biological methods used for dye treatment are generally always effective and environmentally friendly. In this study, biosorption of the Fast Black K salt azo dye by the bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris 51ATA was studied spectrophotometrically, at various pH (2­10), temperatures (25°C, 35°C, and 45°C) and dye concentrations (25­400 mg L-1). RESULTS: The bacterial strain showed extremely good dye-removing potential at various dye concentrations. IR studies at different temperatures showed that the dye was adsorbed on the bacterial surface at lower temperatures. Characteristics of the adsorption process were investigated by Scatchard analysis at 25°C and 35°C. Scatchard analysis of the equilibrium binding data for the dye on this bacterium gave rise to linear plots, indicating that the Langmuir model could be applied. The regression coefficients obtained for the dye from the Freundlich and Langmuir models were significant and divergence from the Scatchard plot was observed. CONCLUSION: The adsorption behavior of the dye on this bacterium was expressed by the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms. The adsorption data with respect to various temperatures provided an excellent fit to the Freundlich isotherm. However, when the Langmuir and Temkin isotherm models were applied to these data, a good fit was only obtained for the dye at lower temperatures, thus indicating that the biosorption ability of R. palustris 51ATA is dependent on temperature, pH, and dye concentration.

Potassium adsorption in soil cultivated with sugarcane

ABSTRACT Vinasse is a byproduct of the process of distillation of sugarcane juice for the manufacture of sugar and alcohol. Because it is rich in nutrients, mainly potassium (K), is used as fertilizer and applied via fertigation, without concerning for the fate of this compound in the soil. Thus, the objective of the study was to evaluate the interactions of the potassium ion (K+), applied via vinasse in a soil representative of the sugarcane zone of the State of Pernambuco using adsorption isotherms. The methodology was based on physical, chemical and soil mineralogical characterization, as well as equilibrium batch tests, where the experimental curves were fitted by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The results allowed to infer that the Freundlich model showed better fit of the curve in both forms: linear and non-linear (direct fit); the non-linear model was selected due to the values ​​of coefficient of determination (R²). The interaction between potassium and soil occurred mainly with organic matter and the presence of soil kaolinite, because they showed negative ions on the external surface, thereby promoting potassium adsorption. Soil potassium adsorption capacity was higher for the first layer (0-20 cm) and decreased along the depth profile.

ADSORCIÓN DE PLOMO (II) EN SOLUCIÓN ACUOSA CON TALLOS Y HOJAS DE Eichhornia crassipes / ADSORPTION OF LEAD (II) WITH STEMS AND LEAVES OF Eichhornia crassipes IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

La presencia de metales pesados, como el plomo (Pb+2), en los cuerpos de agua genera alteraciones sobre la calidad ambiental y la salud pública, debido a su solubilidad y su capacidad de acumulación en la cadena trófica, problemática que se puede incrementar por la acumulación de Eichhornia crassipes, una maleza acuática con alta capacidad invasora, cuya presencia en los ecosistemas acuáticos favorece los procesos de eutrofización y crecimiento de microorganismos patógenos, vectores de enfermedades. Como alternativa para la eliminación de metales pesados y el aprovechamiento de tallos TEC y hojas HEC de E. crassipes, se evaluó la capacidad de adsorción y de eficiencia de remoción de Pb+2 en solución acuosa, de dicha biomasa. Inicialmente, se realizaron ensayos batch, para analizar la influencia de la dosis de adsorbente, tiempo de contacto y pH de la solución. Como método de disposición final, se analizó la calcinación, a temperaturas de 700 y 800°C. Los datos experimentales de equilibrio fueron correlacionados, utilizando los modelos de Langmuir y Freundlich. El modelo que mejor se ajustó fue el de Langmuir, con R² = 0,9816 TEC y R² = 0,9854 HEC, lográndose una máxima capacidad de adsorción de 172,41mg/g TEC y 131,58mg/g HEC, con 0,2g de biomasa/200mL, pH 5,5 y 3h de contacto. En todos los ensayos, se lograron remociones de Pb+2 superiores al 97%. Los ensayos de calcinación indican que, a temperaturas ≥800°C, es posible estabilizar la biomasa residual, impidiendo que los cationes metálicos removidos sean liberados de la matriz biológica, por efectos de soluciones lixiviantes de bajo pH.

The presence of heavy metals such as lead (Pb+2) in water bodies causes alterations in environmental quality and public health due to their solubility and capacity of accumulation in the food chain. Problems that can be increased by the accumulation of Eichhornia crassipes an aquatic weed with high invasive capacity whose presence in the aquatic ecosystems favors the processes of eutrophication and growth of pathogenic microorganisms vectors of diseases. As an alternative for the removal of heavy metals and the use of TEC stems and HEC leaves of E. crassipes, the adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of Pb+2 in aqueous solution of this biomass were evaluated. Initially batch tests were performed to analyze the influence of the adsorbent dose, contact time and solution pH. As final disposal method, the calcination was analyzed at temperatures of 700 and 800°C. The equilibrium experimental data were correlated using the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The best fit model was the Langmuir model with R²=0.9816 TEC and R²=0.9854 HEC, achieving a maximum adsorption capacity of 172.41mg/g TEC and 131.58mg/g HEC with 0.2 g Of biomass/200mL, pH 5.5 and 3h of contact. Pb+2 removals above 97% were achieved in all tests. Calcination tests indicate that at temperatures ≥800°C it is possible to stabilize the residual biomass by preventing the removed metal cations from being released from the biological matrix by the effects of low pH leaching solutions.

Physical and chemical study of lattice kaolinites and their interaction with orthophosphate

ABSTRACT This study covers the evaluation of the structure and the capacity in adsorbing orthophosphate ions of kaolinites collected from sampling sites in Manaus (Brazil). The kaolinites were obtained using physical fractioning (sieving/siphoning) techniques and chemical treatment with HCl, H2SO4, H2O2 and KCl. The investigation of the kaolinite lattices involved the Hinckley and Plançon indexes determined from X-ray diffraction data, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The absorption capacity of orthophosphate ions was calculated by Freundlich and Langergren isotherms. A transitional state was observed in the crystallographic structure from kaolinites because of the isomorphic substitution of Al3+ by Fe3+. This isomorphic substitution occurs accompanied by the optical pleochroism behavior, but it also reduces the mean particle sizes and increases the number of structural defects and magnetic properties of these kaolinites. Mössbauer spectroscopy showed that the substituting Fe3+ preferentially occupies octahedral sites. In the kaolinite lattices there are different octahedral sites of Al bounded by cis-OH-Fe3+ and trans-OH-Fe3+ octahedral sites. The kaolinite from the Kao1 sample has a higher number of cis-OH-Fe3+ from octahedral sites and is able to adsorb higher contents of orthophosphate ions than those from samples Kao2 and Kao3.

Panus tigrinus as a potential biomass source for Reactive Blue decolorization: isotherm and kinetic study

Background: Textile and dye industries pose a serious threat to the environment. Conventional methods used for dye treatment are generally not always effective and environmentally friendly. This drove attention of scores of researchers to investigate alternative methods for the biodegradation of dyes using fungal strains. In this work, white-rot fungus (Panus tigrinus) was used as a biosorbent for the decolorization of Reactive Blue 19. The process parameters that were varied were initial concentration (50­150 mg/L), contact time (30­90 min), and pH (2­6). In addition, to gain important data for the evaluation of a sorption process, the equilibrium and kinetics of the process were determined. Results: White-rot fungus showed great potential in decolorizing Azo dyes. The strain showed the maximum decolorization of 83.18% at pH 2, a contact time of 90 min, and an initial concentration of 50 mg/L. The Langmuir isotherm described the uptake of the Reactive Blue 19 dye better than the Freundlich isotherm. Analysis of the kinetic data showed that the dye uptake process followed the pseudo second-order rate expression. Conclusion: The biosorption process provided vital information on the process parameters required to obtain the optimum level of dye removal. The isotherm study indicated the homogeneous distribution of active sites on the biomass surface, and the kinetic study suggested that chemisorption is the rate-limiting step that controlled the biosorption process. According to the obtained results, P. tigrinus biomass can be used effectively to decolorize textile dyes and tackle the pollution problems in the environment.

Adsorción de Cr(VI) por Cocos nucífera L. en residuales de Fibrocemento en Santiago de Cuba / Cr(VI) adsorption by Cocos nucífera L. in wastewater of fibrocement from Santiago de Cuba

La adsorción y/o formación de complejos de metales pesados basados en la actividad química de la biomasa, es el proceso conocido como biosorción y es la base de una nueva tecnología para su remoción en efluentes industriales y su posterior recuperación. En esta tecnología se pueden utilizar diferentes tipos de biomasas tales como: algas, microorganismos y sub-productos agrícolas. Este trabajo estudió la adsorción de Cr(VI) utilizando la cáscara del fruto de la planta Cocos nucífera L. como biomasa orgánica. Los valores óptimos de adsorción de Cr(VI) son: pH de 3 unidades; tamaño de partícula menor que 0,074 mm; dosis de adsorbente de 5 g.dm-3 y tiempo contacto de 1 hora. A valores bajos de concentración del metal (1,0; 1,5 y 1,84 mg.dm-3) se obtuvo porcentaje de remoción superiores a 90, sin embargo a altos valores de concentración (2,5 y 3 mg.dm-3), se obtienen valores inferiores al 90 %. El proceso pudo ser estudiado a través de los modelos de Langmuir y de Freundlich, ya que el coeficiente de correlación para ambos modelos fue de 0,994 y 0,991 respectivamente. Se logra remover los iones Cr(VI) a valores de pH de 3 y 7 unidades en una matriz real, alcanzando valores de remoción de 96,85 % y 93,71 % respectivamente.

Adsorption and/or formation of complexes of heavy metals based on the chemical activity of the biomass, it is the process known as biosorption and it is the base of a new technology for its removal in industrials effluent and its posterior recuperation. In this technology, different kinds of biomasses can be utilized such as: algae, microorganisms and agricultural subproducts. In this work, the adsorption of Cr(VI) was studied utilizing the nutshell of the fruit of the plant Cocos nucífera L as organic biomass. The optimal values of adsorption of Cr(VI) are: pH of 3 units, size of particle smaller than 0.074 mm, doses of adsorbent of 5 g.dm-3 and contact time of 1 hour. At low values of concentration of the metal (1.0, 1,5 and 1.84 mg.dm-3) percentage of removal superior to 90% were obtained, however, at high values of concentration (2.5 and 3 mg.dm-3) values inferior to 90 % are obtained. The process can be studied by the models of both, Langmuir and of Freundlich, because the , coefficient of correlation for these two models was 0.994 and 0.991 respectively. The ions Cr(VI) can be removed at values of 3 and 7 units in a real matrix, reaching removal values of 96.85% and 93.71% respectively.

Equilibrium isotherm studies of methylene blue from aqueous solution unto activated carbon prepared form strychnos potatorum seed.

Methylene blue adsorption from aqueous solution onto activated carbon prepared from strychnos potatorum seed was investigated under various experimental conditions. Batch mode experiments and equilibrium isotherm studies were conducted to assess the potential of the above activated carbon for the removal of Methylene blue from aqueous solution by varying the following three parameters: initial concentration of Methylene blue dye solution, adsorbent dose on the uptake of dye from the solution, and pH. The equilibrium data obtained were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models.

Utility of adsorbents in the purification of drinking water: A review of characterization, efficiency and safety evaluation of various adsorbents.

Clean drinking water is one of the implicit requisites for a healthy human population. However, the growing industrialization and extensive use of chemicals for various concerns, has increased the burden of unwanted pollutants in the drinking water of developing countries like India. The entry of potentially hazardous substances into the biota has been magnifying day by day. In the absence of a possible stoppage of these, otherwise, useful chemicals, the only way to maintain safer water bodies is to develop efficient purifying technologies. One such immensely beneficial procedure that has been in use is that of purification of water using ‘adsorbents’. Indigenous minerals and natural plants products have potential for removing many pollutants viz. fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, heavy metals, pesticides as well as trihalomethanes. Adsorbents which are derived from carbon, alumina, zeolite, clay minerals, iron ores, industrial by products, and natural products viz. parts of the plants, herbs and algal biomass offer promising potential of removal. In the recent years attention has been paid to develop process involving screening / pretreatment / activation / impregnation using alkalies, acids, alum, lime, manganese dioxide, ferric chloride and other chemicals which are found to enhance their adsorbing efficiency. Chemical characterization of these adsorbents recapitulates the mechanism of the process. It is imperative to observe that capacities of the adsorbents may vary depending on the characteristics, chemical modifications and concentration of the individual adsorbent. Removal kinetics is found to be based on the experimental conditions viz. pH, concentration of the adsorbate, quantity of the adsorbent and temperature. It is suggested that isotherm model is suitable tool to assess the adsorption capacities in batch and column modes. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the process/products may be useful to provide guidelines for its sustainable disposal.

Adsorção em carvão ativado em pó para remoção de microcistina de água de abastecimento público / Powdered activated carbon adsorption for microcystin removal from public water supply

A ocorrência de florações de cianobactérias em mananciais de abastecimento público prejudica a qualidade da água, podendo, inclusive, ocasionar a presença de cianotoxinas. A dificuldade de remover as cianotoxinas da água motivou o presente trabalho, cujo objetivo foi o de avaliar a remoção da cianotoxina microcistina empregando diferentes carvões ativados em pó (CAPs). Os CAPs foram caracterizados quanto ao número de iodo, granulometria, distribuição e volume de poros, além das isotermas de Freundlich. Os resultados mostraram que os CAPs de madeira apresentaram os maiores valores do número de iodo, capacidade máxima adsortiva (qe, máx) e volume de microporos secundários e mesoporos. A adequada caracterização do CAP é uma etapa importante na sua aquisição pelas estações de tratamento de água, pois índices isolados podem não avaliar corretamente o CAP.

The cyanobacterial bloom's occurrence in sources of public supplying harms water quality, even causing cianotoxins presence. The difficulty of the cianotoxins removal from the water has motivated the present work, which objective was to evaluate the removal of the cianotoxin microcystin through the use of different powdered activated carbons (PACs). The PACs were characterized according to its iodine number, granulometry, distribution and volume of pores, besides the Freundlich isotherms. The results showed that the wood PACs presented the highest values of iodine number, maximum adsorptive capacity (qe, max) and volume of secondary micropores and mesoporos. The adequate characterization of the PACs is an important stage in its acquisition by the water treatment plants, because isolated indices can not evaluate the PACs correctly.

Evaluación de la interacción vermicompost-Pb²+ a través de isotermas de adsorción y espectroscopia FTIR / Evaluation of interaction of vermicompost-Pb²+ through adsorption isothermals and FTIR spectroscopy

La adsorción de plomo por un vermicompost comercial fue estudiada a 284, 306 y 323 K aplicando los modelos de Langmuir y Freundlich, los cuales describen adecuadamente el proceso de adsorción. Las capacidades de adsorción máximas de 116,3; 113,6 y 123,5 mg.g-¹. De acuerdo a las funciones termodinámicas, la retención de plomo involucra una reacción endotérmica (ΔHadsorción = 4,25 ± 0,92 kCal.mol-¹) con un aumento de la entropía del sistema (ΔS = 7,55 a 8,62 kCal.K-1mol-¹) asociado a la ionización de los grupos carboxílicos. La baja espontaneidad de la reacción fue determinada por los valores positivos de la Energía Libre de Gibbs (ΔG = 2,11 a 1,49 kCal.mol-¹). Las diferencias observadas en los espectros FTIR del compost en la región de 1800 a 1300 cm-¹ a diferentes condiciones de pH fueron interpretadas como el resultado de la ionización de los grupos carboxílicos, reduciendo la intensidad de las bandas alrededor de 1725 cm-¹, generándose las señales a 1550 cm-¹ y 1390 cm-¹ de los grupos carboxilato. Los mismos cambios fueron observados a pH 3,8 en presencia del ión Pb²+, lo que sugiere que el acomplejamiento con el metal pesado se produce por medio de una reacción de intercambio catiónico.

The adsorption of Pb2+ by a comercial vermicompost was studied at 284, 306 and 323 K using Langmuir and Freunldich isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacities were 116.3; 113.6 and 123.5 mg.g-¹. Thermodinamic functions showed that the retention takes place by an endothermic reaction (ΔHadsorción = 4,25 ± 0,92 KCal.mol-¹) in which entropy increases (ΔS = 7,55 to 8,62 kCal.K-1mol-¹) along with the acidity of the solutions due to the ionization of carboxylic groups. The low spontaneity was reflected by positive values of the Gibbs free energy (ΔG = 2,11 a 1,49 kCal.mol-¹). The differences in FTIR spectra of vermicompost at pH 3.8 and 7.0 in the region between 1800 to 1300 cm-¹ were interpreted on the basis of caboxylic acids ionization thet reduced the band intensity around 1725 cm-¹, producing signals at 1550 and 1390 cm-1of the carboxylate groups. Similar changes were detected at pH 3.8 when ionic lead was present which suggested that heavy metal complexation by a cationic exchange reaction.